Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity in Animals

Study of In-vivo Analgesic Activity in Animals A) ANIMALS Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) and wistar rats (150-200 g) of either sex were used for study of in-vivo analgesic activity. Animals were kept under standard laboratory conditions i.e. temprature is 24  ± 2 °C and relative humidity is 60-70%. The study protocol was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) before experiment (Approval No. 1452/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). Albino-Swiss mice were taken from Laboratory Animal House, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur, Rudrapur (U. S. Nagar) and used for the study. The animals were procured from IVRI, Bareilly (U.P.) The animals were kept in polypropylene cages and maintained on balanced ration with free access to clean drinking water. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the guide for Care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the Local animal care and use committee. Paddy husk was provided as bedding material, which was cleaned every day. The cages were maintained clean. All o f the animals were left for 2 days in the laboratory for getting used to before the day of experiment and on the last day they were given water only. Minimum of 6 animals were used in each group. B) ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES The acute oral toxicity studies were carried out to study the acute toxic effects and to determine minimum toxic dose of the synthesized compounds. For the study swiss albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were used. The aqueous solution of compounds were administered orally to different groups of over night fasted mice at the doses of 30, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg body weight. After administration of the compounds, animals were observed continuously for any toxic manifestation for the first three hours. There after, observations were made at regular intervals for 24 hrs. Further the animals were under investigation up to a period of one week. I) ANALGESIC ACTIVITY For the study of analgesisc activity two methods were used. (A) Hot Plate method (B) Acetic caid induced writhing method A) Method 1: Hot plate method186,187,188,189 By applying heat pain is inced to animals. All the animals one by one are kept in the hot plate maintain at constant temperature (55 °C) and there reactions was noted i.e. paw licking or jumping response. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Diclofenac sodium 50mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details The hot plate method is based on the fact that analgesic compounds increases the response time. This method was first described by Eddy Leimbach, where a cut off period of 15 sec is observed to avoid damage to the paw. All the synthesized compounds were dissolved in the CMC (0.5% suspension). After administration of control, standard and test compounds the animals were kept at the hot plate and their reaction time were note at 15, 30, 60 120 min interval. All the doses were given orally to animals. Diclofenac Sodium at dose of 50 mg/kg was used standard drug for comparison. The results so obtained were tabulated in Table 10, 12, 14 and 16 and figure 07, 09, 11 and 13. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p B) Method 2: Acetic Acid Induced Writhing Method186,187,188,189 In this method pain is induced by intraperitoneal (I.P) administration of 0.6% (0.1 ml/10g) acetic acid in mice. Analgesic activity was determined by calculating total number of writhings. Work plan Albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were used for the study. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Diclofenac sodium 20mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 20mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 20mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details All the synthesized compounds were administered intraperitonealy (0.5 ml) as a suspension in sterile 0.9% DMSO solution as vehicle. Diclofenac Sodium at dose of 20 mg/kg was used standard drug for comparison. Acetic acid solution was intraperitonealy administered 30 min after administration of the compounds. 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid solution, the number of writhings per animal was recorded for 20 min. Control animals received an equal volume of vehicle. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p II) ANTI-PYRETIC ACTIVITY STUDIES:190 For antipyretic activity yeast induced pyrexia model was used for the study. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received 0.5% sodium CMC (1mg/kg) orally. Group 2 : Peracetamol 100mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 100mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 100mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details For induction of fever in rats, 20% w/v of brewer’s yeast in distilled water was administered by subcutaneous injection. All animals which were used for study, were induced pyrexia by injection of 10 ml/kg of brewer’s yeast solution under the skin in between the shoulder blades. The place of the injection was massaged in order to spread the suspension beneath the skin. Basal rectal temperature was measured before the injection of yeast, by inserting digital clinical thermometer to a depth of 2 cm into the rectum. The rise in rectal temperature was recorded after 19 hours of yeast injection. The rectal temperature was taken after 30, 60, 120, 180 and 300 minutes post treatment. If a drug is having antipyretic effect then there is a fall in the rectal temprature. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p III) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY: 186,187,188,189 For anti-inflammatory activity carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema method was used. Work plan Albino rats of either sex (150-200 g) were selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. All the animals were fasted for 24 hrs. before the start of the experiment and water was given adlibitum. The animals were treated as follows : Group 1 : Control group received sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) orally. Group 2 : Ibuprofen 20mg/kg were administered orally. Group 3 : Novel benzimidazole substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Group 4 : Novel 2-quinolone substituted pyrazolidine 3,5 dione derivative in dose level of 50mg/kg was administered orally. Here Group 1 is the control, group 2 is active standard and group 3 and group 4 are test. Experimental Details This method was described by Winter et al. in 1962. The experimental animals were divided into ten groups, each containing five animals. After 30 min of administration of test compounds, 0.1 ml of 1% (w/v) carrageenin was injected subcutaneously in the subplantar region of the left hind paw. The right paw served as a reference to non inflammed paw for comparison. The initial paw volume was measured within 30 sec of the carrageenin injection by plethysmometer. The relative increase in paw volume was measured in control, standard and test compounds at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the carrageenin injection. The difference between initial and final readings was taken as the volume of oedema and the percentage inhibition by the compounds was calculated using the formula- where dt is the difference in paw volume in the test compound-treated group and dc the difference in paw volume in the control group. Results were expressed as means  ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was analyzed using the two-way anova analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test where p Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun 1

Ryanair Company Financial Analysis Report

Ryanair Company Financial Analysis Report Ryanair is an Irish airline company which was launched in 1985 by Ryan family in Dublin. It is the first low-fare airline in European nations. Also it is considered as most successful airline in terms of profit. In addition, it is also famous for number of flights and passengers flown. Moreover its business is expanded to 44 bases, more than 1200 routes, 160 airports and 27 countries. Ryanair Holding Private limited company is leading plan airline in Europe. The aim of this report is to use economic managing formula to give a general idea of Ryanair Holding Plc. It has well financial position in direct to help another company to provide. In this report, given many information of different companies guide to improve the financial position and grooving of managing power of the organization. Also it can useful to give forecast development and future danger difficulty. In recent time, there was a big events happened in the company. Which is effecting on companys profit and loss account that given in the report. So ratio analysis is very important to improve companys financial situation. After the ratio analysis given some recommendations can help to improve organizations strength and growth and also to make batter financial position of the company. BACKGROUND: Europes biggest financial budget airline is mane of Ryanair Holding plc. It has gone a very high distance in space journey a service in the UK. It is follow to operate on the basis of Southwest Airlines system. These airlines always create travel to twice or triple on the way it comes. In this airline, 7m passengers used to fly in a year. Uses of internet which helped mover slice expenses of the sharing part. In the starting, Decan, Cathal and Shane Ryan established Ryanair with  £1m from their father, Dr. Tony Ryan, chairman CEO of Guinness Peat Aviation, the aeroplane letting huge. Ryanair made routes between Ireland and United Kingdom at starting of flying in June 1985. Entering in Dublin-London area the after that spring, finishing with British Airways and Dan Air moreover Aer Lingus. (www.fundinguniverse.com). In 2009 Ryan airs common cost per traveller was EUR 36 as compared as to EUR 68 for its curve rival Easyiet. From the years of 2007 to 2009 Ryanair arranged low cast to passengers by 13%. Ryanair has raised its numbers of passengers by 14% in 2010 and made more routes. This growth will continue next years. (www.ryanair.com). ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION OF RATIOS AND IMPORTANCES: Ratios are mostly used as a part in understanding of financial statements. The selected ratios and finding data which are depend on the requirement of the data which are using. When the share price is reach on its higher level, at that situation want to do and choose the very good condition to sell shares. Due to this, the investors will control the performance of organization. Mostly the ratios could be designed from the data given by the financial statements. It is used in evaluate trend. Also it is used to make balance of the financial condition to select of other condition. The ratio analysis may be used in some case of future bankruptcy. (www.netmba.com). RATIOS ANALYSIS: Firstly, in the ratios analysis classified different types which depend on given information. Most important types are given below, Financial ratios Profitability ratios Financial ratios: Current Ratio: The current ratio is defined as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities: Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Years 2010 2009 2008 Current Assets 2,725,515 2,360,059 1,898,175 Current Liabilities 1,378,683 1,279,935 1,238,204 Current ratio 1.98 1.84 1.53 Analysis: The relation between current assets and current liabilities is given in this ratio analysis. Assets is only transformed interested in cash for little period and cash are included in current assets. The ratio was 1.53 in 2008 but after that 1.84 and 1.98 in 2009 and 2010 respectively. It is useful for quality as well as quantity in financial analysis. Liquidity Ratio: Liquidity ratios give the data about an organizations capability to gather its the short term requirements of finance. To the organization, they are take part in interest of that extends small period acknowledgment to the organization. It is defined as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities: Liquidity ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Also in some case, Liquidity Ratio = (Current Assets-Inventory) / Current Liabilities Years 2010 2009 2008 Current Assets 2,725,515 2,360,059 1,898,175 Current Liabilities 1,378,683 1,279,935 1,238,204 Liquidity Ratio 1.98 1.84 1.53 Analysis: It is helpful to known for relationship between current assets and current liabilities. In the comparison of last three, the ratios of the organization were 1.53, 1.84 and 1.98 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. So ratios were increased when passed the years. Shareholders Liquidity Ratio: It shows the relation between shareholder funds and long term debt. It is the defined as the ratio of shareholder funds to long term liabilities: Shareholders Liability Ratio = shareholders funds / shareholders liabilities Years 2010 2009 2008 Shareholders Funds 2,534,407 2,250,537 1,989,677 Long Term Liabilities 2,816,087 2,388,249 1,803,617 Shareholders Liabilities Ratio 0.90 0.94 1.10 Analysis: In this analysis, ratios were decreased when passing the years. Those ratios were 1.10, 0.94 and 0.90 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Gearing : Gearing is defined as the long term liabilities plus overdraft to shareholders funds in percentage. It shows organizations permanents assets shareholders money and fully loan of it. The higher gearing means good borrowed money to self. It is calculated by following formula: Gearing (%) = (Long Term Liabilities + Overdraft) ÃÆ'- 100 / Shareholders Funds Years 2010 2009 2008 Long term liabilities + Overdraft 2,816,087+236,216 2,388,249+188,336 1,803,617+291,670 Shareholders funds 2,534,407 2,250,537 1,989,677 Gearing 120.43 114.49 105.31 Analysis: In the gearing ratio analysis, ratios were increase when passing the years. Those ratios were 105.31, 114.49, and 120.43 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Working Capital Per Employee(Unit): It is defined as the ratio of working capital to number of employees and it is calculated by given formula in bellow, Working capital per employee = working capital / number of employees Years 2010 2009 2008 Working capital 95,367 82,414 74,042 Employee 7032 6369 5262 Proportion -13,563 -12,940 14,071 Analysis: In this analysis, ratios decreased between 2008 and 2009 and then increased between 2009 and 2010. Those ratios were -14.071, -12,940 and -13,563 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Profitability Ratios: Profitability ratios give many different method of the achievement of the organization at make profits. Profit Margin: It is defined as the ratio of profit before tax to turnover in percentage. Throughout the year scope in success on sells will differ since business to business. The reasonably change of the proportion in investigate and sometime may be stable. Purpose for vary could be bargain sells worth or growing in the sales rate. It is calculated by formula which is given bellow: Profit Margin = (Profit before tax) ÃÆ'- 100 / Turnover Years 2010 2009 2008 Profit before tax 303,389 -167,498 349,023 Turnover 2,658,521 2,730,241 2,157,958 Profit margin 11.41 -6.13 16.17 Analysis: In this analysis shows company failed in loss after 2008. Those ratios were 16.17, -6.41 and 11.41 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Return on shareholders funds: It is defined as the ratio of profit before tax to shareholders fund and it is given by following formula: Return on shareholders funds (%) = (Profit or Loss before Tax) ÃÆ'- 100/ Shareholders Funds Years 2010 2009 2008 Profit or loss before tax 303,389 167,498 349,023 Shareholders funds 2,534,407 2,250,537 1,989,677 Return on shareholders funds (%) 11.97 -7.44 17.54 Analysis: In this analysis shows, company faced loss in 2009 financial year. Those ratios were 17.54, -7.44 and 11.97 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Return on total assets (%): It is defined as the ratio of profit or loss before tax to total assets in percentage. Also it is calculated by following formula: Return on total assets (%) = (profit or loss before tax) ÃÆ'- 100 / total assets Years 2010 2009 2008 Profit or loss before tax 303,389 167,498 349,023 Total assets 6,729,178 5,928,14,147 5,031,497 Return on total assets 4.51 -2.83 6.94 Analysis: Company faced loss in 2009 financial year in this analysis. Those ratios were 6.94, -2.83 and 4.51 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Interest cover: Interest cover is the ratio of profit or loss before interest to interest paid. Calculation is given by following formula: Interest cover = profit or loss before interest / interest paid Years 2010 2009 2008 Profit or loss before interest 36,536 46,349 426,225 Interest paid 64,148 121,149 77,202 Interest cover 5.73 -0.38 5.52 Analysis: In interest cover ratio analysis shows loss in 2009. Those ratios were 5.52, -0.38 and 5.73 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Debtors Turnover: Debtors turnover is defined as the ratio of turnover to trade debtors. Its calculation is given below: Debtors turnover = turnover / trade debtors Years 2010 2009 2008 Turnover 2,658,521 2,7157,958 2,157,958 Trade debtors 39,414 38,783 27,177 Debtors turnover 67.45 70.40 79.40 Analysis: In this analysis, ratios were 79.40, 70.40 and 67.45 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Ratios decreased when passing after the years. Net assets turnover: Net assets turnover is defined as the ratio of turnover to total assets less current liabilities. Also it is calculated by following formula: Net assets turnover = turnover / total assets less current liabilities Years 2010 2009 2008 Turnover 2,658,521 2,7157,958 2,157,958 Total assets less current liabilities 5,350,494 4,648,212 3,793,294 Net assets less current liabilities 0.50 0.59 0.57 Analysis: In this analysis indicates ratios decreased in 2010. Those ratios were 0.57, 0.59 and 0.50 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. Fixed assets turnover: Fixed assets turnover is defined as the ratio of turnover to fixed assets. It is calculated by following formula: Fixed assets turnover = turnover / fixed assets Years 2010 2009 2008 Turnover 2,6558,521 2,730,241 2,157,958 Fixed assets 4,003,662 3,568,087 3,133,322 Fixed assets turnover 0.66 0.77 0.69 Analysis: In this analysis shows ratios increased in 2009 and then decreased in 2010. Those ratios were 0.69, 0.77 and 0.66 in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively. The impact of events: The events of the company were flight cancellations by volcanic ashes during18 days in between April May in 2010 and ATC (Air Traffic Controller) strike during the year of 2010. During April May, cancellation of 9400 flights, so cost of company was à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬32m and deletion of 1400 flights and more than 12000 flights late, so the loss may be à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 32m Those two events had main impact of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100m loss in six months. Conclusions: In conclusion, Ryanair Holding plc is low fare and biggest financial budget airline in the world. It has 160 airports, 44 bases business to expanded, more than 1200 routes and 27 countries. It is known as most successful airline in terms of profits, flights numbers and flown of passengers. During the ratio analysis, this company has good financial position in terms of profit, but in 2010 events occurred by volcanic ashes and ATC strike. Due to evens, cancellation of 9400 flights mare than 12000 flights delayed. So events had an major impact of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬100m loss in that 6 months. Also those are affected on companys profit and loss account and net profit of Ryanair Holding plc. Recommendations: Ryanair holding plc has hard period in last year, as the organization was making loss. Now Ryanair is reverse to good position by building profit in the starting of this year. in the analysis their revenues are well financial position in last year but the events were create some effects. It is one of biggest Irish airline in the UK as well as in the world. After making some change in tickets and facilities, it can become more low fare airline and improve its financial position batter than past. It is the recommended part to be Ryanair airline so its future opportunity is bright batter than past situation.

roses :: essays research papers

Change is Memorable When readers read a book that they like, they will remember at least one character in the book for some specific reason. Authors have many different ways to make a character memorable but one of the most common ways that characters become memorable is the way that they change throughout the story. William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Anton Chekhov’s â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog†, and Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Good Country People† all have main characters that are memorable because of the changes that take place physically and mentally in their respective stories. In the story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner creates a mysterious yet respectable character. The changes that Miss Emily experiences in the story make her a memorable character. Faulkner uses symbolism in order to show the changes that take place with Miss Emily. The changes in Miss Emily’s hair can be taken as a symbol for the changes in Miss Emily herself. Before the death of Homer Barron her hair is â€Å"cut short making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows.† As the story moves on her hair â€Å"grows grayer and grayer until it attains an even pepper-and-salt iron-gray.† Her hair grows a dull color as Miss Emily turns into a dull person. Her hair, in the beginning, is described as one of an angel, and then described as one you would find on a witch. In the beginning of the story Miss Emily has no bad intentions and later, her fears of being alone lead her to turn evil as she poisons Homer Wagoner 2 Barron. As her hair’s appearance goes from innocent to evil Miss Emily goes from being innocent to evil. Her hair loses its life, foreshadowing the future of Miss Emily. Another memorable character is that of the womanizer Dmitri Gurov in â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog.† Gurov is the protagonist in â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† and the readers get to view the changes of a man who has fallen in love but then is forced to examine the way that he looks at the world. Gurov is memorable because the things that he does and says on the surface are not the way Gurov actually feels about the world. Although he looks down upon women and refers to them as "the inferior race," Gurov furtively admits that he feels more relaxed with them than he does with men.

UK Institutions Promoting Health of Ethnic Minority Women Essay

This essay intends to give a critical analysis of interagency working to promote the health of ethnic minority women suffering from domestic violence. The essay starts with a definition of health and then briefly looks at varying definitions of public health and how these definitions lend credence to need for interagency working in public health. The essay then looks at the social construct of community and minority communities (BME) in England and Wales, health inequalities and the geographical spread of inequalities across areas of deprivation and the spearhead authorities with a brief discussion on the social determinants of health. This will be followed by a definition of domestic violence and how the concept of culture, especially in minority communities impacts on domestic violence and how domestic violence among ethnic minority women relates to public health. There will be a discussion on two models of health that can be used to formulate interventions which are relevant to th e needs of ethnic minority. The last part of the essay will discuss the role organisations can play to support victims of domestic violence and how the structure and culture of the organisation can influence positive outcomes and enhance better interagency working. Finally, a critical analysis of interagency working will be given suggesting how services can be improved. Public Health Health as defined by the world health organisation is â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Bury 2005). According to the world health organization, â€Å"health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 1948). The term publi... .... The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30: 144–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2002.tb00381.x Rhonda, P. and Pittman, R. (2009) an introduction to community development USA: Routledge. Blaxter, M. (2004) health, Cambridge: polity press. Department of Health (2004) Tackling health inequalities: the spearhead group of Local Authorities and Primary Care Trusts Bartle, Phile WHAT IS COMMUNITY? A Sociological Perspective web publication available online at http://www.scn.org/cmp/whatcom.htm NIMHE (2003) Inside-Outside: Improving Mental Health Services for Black and Minority Ethnic Communities in England Roger Ottewill and Ann Wall (2004) Item 2 Models of health and health care available online at https://www.ihm.org.uk/documents/Education/mhsc_resource_file/diploma_managing_your_enterprise/Diploma_managing_your_enterprise_models_of_health_and_health_care

Becoming Mexican American Essay

Becoming Mexican American: A study into the cultural developments of Mexican immigrants to the United States The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the inviting work of George Sanchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. While reviewing this work of Sanchez, the essay will make use of an article written by Grace Pena Delgado relating to the immigration issues of the United States in the early twentieth century. Delgado`s article, ‘_At Exclusion’s Southern Gate: Changing Categories of Race and Class among Chinese Froterizos_’ discusses the Chinese immigrants in northern Mexico. To provide the reader with accurate and concise information the original works of the two authors will be used extensively, as the purpose of the essay is to criticize these works. The essay will also make use of a number of internet web-sites for general information on the Mexican and American historiesof the early twentieth century. A detailed list of books and resources used in writing this paper will be provided at the end, in the form of a bibliography. In conclusion, the essay’s purpose is to provide detailed and concise criticism of George Sanchez’s book, Becoming Mexican American, while supporting the criticism with Grace Delgado’s article. Ceren Keskin 207138579 BIBLIOGRAPHY Sanchez, George. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. Oxford University Press, 1995. Delgado, Grace Pena. â€Å"At Exclusion’s Southern Gate: Changing Categories of Race and Class among Chinese Froterizos_†__. _In the Continental Crossroads, 183-200. Duke University Press, 2004.

World heritage at malacca

Melaka is one of the historic cities built along the Straits of Melaka. The city has been developed over 500 years of the mixture of trading and cultural exchanges between East and West traders. The influences of Asia and Europe have endowed the towns with a specific multicultural heritage that is both tangible and intangible. With its government buildings, churches, squares and fortifications, Melaka demonstrates the early stages of this history originating in the 1 5th-century Malay sultanate and the Portuguese and Dutch periods beginning in the early 16th century.The Stadthuys was one of the official residences for the Dutch Governor but now has become one of the famous attractions for visitors from all over the world. The legacy of the Dutch is still very much alive and felt in Malacca in a form of a red building called the Stadthuys. It used to be the administrative centre of successive governments but now it is a history museum. The Stadthuys can be easily found as it is Just b eside the Christ Church. Opposite the Stadthuys is the famous Jonker Street visited by many tourists.The Stadhuys is an evidence of a fine Dutch architecture. The building is so firmly made that even with little alteration and maintenances, it still stands firmly and upright. This shows that the Dutch had a great knowledge about the making of architecture. There are many tourists' shops along the walls of the Stadhuys. From the roof of the Stadhuys, one can see a great view of the Christchurch. The Stadthuys was built between 1641 and 1660 on the ruins of a fort which belongs to the Portuguese. It is believed that the Stadthuys is the oldest Dutch building in the East.This massive red building displays all the common features of the Dutch colonial architecture which includes substantial solid doors and louvered windows. Since its completion to 1980, the Stadthuys was used as the administrative centre of successive governments for a period of 300 years. It was in 1982 when the Stadth uys was converted into a history museum which exhibits Malacca's history starting from the great Malay Sultanate and the Portuguese, Dutch and British colonization till the present day.This building also has his history in the field of education, which in the 19th century during the British rule, a school run by the clergy known as the Malacca Free School was built in the yard Stadhuys Building. When the free education given by the English school. However most of the students in the school is composed of the children of the wealthy Chinese. Historical records show a letter dated 19 April 1825, stating the need to set up an English school in Malacca. The letter was sent to the council signed by a representative of the church, Mr.J. Humprey , JW Overee and A. W. Baumgarten . The school finally opened on December 7, 1826 with only 18 students. Malacca Free School Principal was Mr TH Moore. Soon the number of students at the school increased to 200. Study time from 9 am to 12 noon and f rom 2pm connected to 4 pm. Number of Malay students at that time not many because most parents send their children to Malay schools or religious schools. Although the language of instruction is English, other languages such as Malay, Portuguese and Chinese are also taught.In August 1878, the British government took over the administration ot the schools ot the clergy and called Malacca High School or High School Malacca. The new principal is Mr. A. Armstrong. In 1931, Malacca High School moved to its new site in Jalan Chan Koon Cheng until now. The building now houses the Museum of History and Ethnography. Daily display of this museum is a traditional wedding dress and artifacts from the heyday of Malacca. In conclusion, all the history past made the Stadthuys had been chosen as one of the world heritage.

Country Music vs Rap Music Essay

Today there are many different genres of music. There are many types of music for anyone. Country and Rap music may be two most popular types of music. Many people who like country dislike rap music and the other way around. Many people who listen to rap would never listen to country or ever admit to it. On the other hand people who listen to country may enjoy some rap music. In each type of music, they have many sub-genres. There also are many stereotypes that are associated with these different genres of music. Many people think that country music and rap are completely different but they do have some similarities. Country music originates from the southern states. Country music has been around longer than rap music. Country music started to get popular in the 1920’s whereas rap was started in the 1970s. Many people who dislike this kind of music think it’s a bunch of hicks singing about how they lost their girlfriend, dog or truck. Most country songs tell stories, beginning, middle and end. Unlike rap music, many country songs do not include cuss words or very few of them. Rap music contains many cuss words and sexually explicit lyrics. Also where Rappers sing about drugs, country singers sing about drinking beer. Some believe country singers are only white; in contrast there are some Black Country singers. Rap music was first started in New York City. Rap music consists of rhyming and relies on technological tricks to sound good. Most rap singers sing about money and all the luxuries it brings. However, on the other hand, country music is mostly about hard working Americans. When people think of rap singers they think of gangsters wearing tons of jewelry. When people think of country singers they think of rednecks wearing cowboy hats and boots. These are stereotypes that people refer to when thinking of these two genres of music. Today there are more similarities between rap and country. Now there is a new genre of music that combines country and rap. Singers like Cowboy Troy rap during singing a country song. Even some Toby Keith songs have some relation to rap. Tim McGraw, a country singer, and Nelly, a rap singer, combined to sing a song together. Rap, supports criminality and unjust behaviors while country is generally more appreciative of the little things in life that doesn’t cause any harm. Country is exceptionally the overall most formal and most decent pick of the two categories, as compared to rap which is labeled by most, terrible music. In my opinion I would listen to country music over rap any day. Many people wouldn’t agree with me and may think the complete opposite. Many people think that there are absolutely no similarities between rap and country. Well these people are wrong, country and rap are coming more similar, with the new genre of country, country-rap. This genre may bring fans of rap to the country side of music. With different stereotypes that come with listening to these types of music, may lessen there willing to listen to a completely different type of music. Both genres of music have been criticized. Country music and rap music may be different but they do have some similarities.